Not long into the 1994 NHL lockout, the Glace Bay Minor Hockey Association realized it had a financial puzzle of its own to solve.

While big-league owners and players negotiated a potential salary cap to limit the soaring cost of contracts, the small, volunteer-led minor hockey association in Nova Scotia instantly lost its main source of fundraising: NHL hockey pools. The NHL might've stalled, but minor hockey in Nova Scotia was as strong as ever, and its costs were soaring, too. It needed another funding avenue.

"The fundraiser was to combat the high cost of minor hockey for players and families in an economically depressed area," said James Edwards, current president of the Glace Bay Minor Hockey Association. "Don't forget, we're talking about the mid-90s in Cape Breton. The area was built on coal mines, steel, and fishing. Those three industries were on the way out. Unemployment was high and money was scarce."

So Glace Bay tried something new: a 50/50 raffle, another fundraising staple that's embedded in hockey culture. Tickets were priced at $1, and parents dutifully volunteered to hawk them on delivery routes, in work yards, and at offices around the community.

"We had parents who traveled throughout the municipality, whether they were delivering bread or gas - we had the distribution network," Edwards said. "It caught on right away, and then it started to grow. Then with that, it offered immediate benefits. All of a sudden, we could eliminate the registration costs. Then the cost of the ice. Then we could help with the equipment."

In the three decades since, the raffle's totals have ballooned to rival professional sports teams. In December 2023, the association's 50/50 jackpot reached $213,681.50 - which means it sold over 400,000 $1 tickets in the town of 16,915 people. What started as a temporary solution to weather a three-month NHL lockout became a permanent fixture.

"We're a multi-million-dollar organization," Edwards said. "You can just imagine how popular this ticket is. People have them at work, in convenience stores, service stations, taverns, pizza joints. They're everywhere. Merchants call us asking for the tickets because it brings people into their shop."

The association has used the 50/50 proceeds to pay for refs, fund development camps for each hockey position, start a sledge hockey league, create a bursary that offsets postsecondary education costs, pay for cross-training, and create skating clubs for children as young as 2. It recently started a program for international students to try hockey for the first time.

"The problem with minor hockey development right now is the cost. But not in Glace Bay," Edwards said.

It's a Canadian thing

The Glace Bay Minor Hockey Association might have the most striking results, but successful 50/50s are hardly limited to Nova Scotia. Across the country, but particularly in Western Canada, 50/50 draws are a standard part of the experience of attending a pro sporting event.

"Being born and raised in Edmonton, 50/50s are interwoven into our DNA," said Corey Smith, chairman of the Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation. Before the pandemic, when the Oilers took their 50/50 digital, draws traditionally occurred on-site during the third period of hockey games. "From my earliest memories of going to Oilers games with my dad, the big thing was always that we had to buy a 50/50 ticket," he said.

The Oilers' recent 50/50 totals have been record-setting. "The summer of 2020 was the first time people had the opportunity to buy tickets online, and our topline revenue went to $90 million," Smith said. The Oilers bill their 50/50 as "the largest game-day raffle in professional sports" and now run draws that build across multiple home and away games to add up to super jackpots. Their Round 1 main raffle jackpot is already over $1 million, with at least one more game to go in the series. All those tickets are purchased within Alberta, per the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission guidelines on lotteries.

The Winnipeg Jets have also adopted the cumulative 50/50 model; their Round 1 jackpot totaled $930,540 with a main prize of more than $820,000 and various early-bid draws before they were eliminated by the Avalanche in Game 5.

"The 50/50 has become part of the game experience in Western Canada," said Dwayne Green, the executive director of the Jets' True North Youth Foundation, which is funded by their 50/50. "People would always stay in the building to hear the 50/50 number, traditionally, before it was all done online. And maybe certain communities would use it to keep more people in the building if it was a lopsided score. We still announce it at our games because lots of people do stay."

Several NHL clubs have adopted the 50/50 draw, but the Western Canadian teams are outliers in size and scope. The Canucks, who opted for per-game 50/50 draws in Round 1, totaled more than $1.2 million in prizes in their first five games against the Predators. For comparison, the 50/50 pots for the Golden Knights' first two home games in Round 1 were $76,000 and $63,000. Regular-season totals underscore the difference even more drastically. The last time the Ducks and Kings met in the 2024 regular season - a Ducks home game in one of North America's most populated regions - the 50/50 sales totaled just $15,010, with the winner taking home $7,505.

Even in Canada, results in the West stand out. The Toronto Maple Leafs gave away just $122,775 in cash 50/50 prizes so far in Round 1. Single jackpots for the Montreal Canadiens and Ottawa Senators rarely broke six digits this season. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only team in the East that has generated million-dollar jackpots; they run in-stadium and online sales for single draws spanning multiple games to benefit the Jays Care Foundation.

"I always find that, especially the prairie provinces, in Western Canada … they love to be able to be part of something that turns out to be good," Green said. "And the odds are also pretty good. There are not a lot of lotteries that have odds like there are in the 50/50s that go on at NHL games in Western Canada. And, whether you win or lose, you feel like you've helped."

Who do the funds help?

Tim Adams, who founded Free Play for Kids in Edmonton, echoes Green's suggestion that fans in Western Canada embrace 50/50s because they get a sense they're helping their communities.

"I can remember buying 50/50 tickets at games and knowing the list of charities that were on there and genuinely feeling good about the fact that I have a chance to win a million bucks and someone else has been helped for a good cause," said Adams, whose charity is a recipient of funding from the Oilers' 50/50.

"It's absolutely huge to have a partner like that, who has the ability to help with funding, especially when it's tight. … In the charitable space, most grants, you're lucky if they're a year. So we're constantly fighting and fighting and fighting. And we've had times where I'll go to the crew at the (Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation) and say, 'It's really tight this year and this funding has changed, and that one's changed. Can you help us?' And they've stepped in and helped, so it makes a big difference," he said.

Provincial gaming legislation in Canada mandates that funds raised from lotteries remain in province. National organizations, such as former NHLer Mark Kirton's ALS super fund, direct funds to activities within the province from which they were donated. The Oilers have set aside some 50/50 proceeds for Kirton's work, which he has used to work with neurologists based in Alberta.

"That's probably one of the reasons people are buying tickets, right?" said Kirton, who noted that being able to see who the money is benefiting and knowing it stays local are both part of what donors are looking for in today's charitable landscape.

But information on 50/50 proceeds might not be as clear as fans believe. For example, Charity Intelligence Canada, which monitors the financial transparency of registered Canadian nonprofits, gave the Oilers a C- for their public reporting. It noted that financial statements aren't posted online and have been redacted by the Canada Revenue Agency since 2015. It added that in 2022, after paying out prize money and licensing fees, the charity had just $14.5 million of the $74.1-million lottery revenue, representing only 20% of lottery revenues going to programs.

"It's an expensive program to run," Smith said. "Right out of the gate, half of every dollar that you raise goes out the door to the winner. That's a miserable cost of fundraising. And then you've got your Visa charges and your advertising charges.

"It's tough to use a traditional philanthropy world to measure our performance. When you think about the costs to raise $1, our costs are quite high, because at minimum, even if Visa said, 'We're not going to charge you a penny to sell these things,' our cost is at least 50 cents to $1."

Despite that, he's still a proponent of the 50/50 as a fundraising tool because people get excited about it and contribute. "I'm of the view that as long as the cost of every dollar raised is not greater than $1, and the difference is going back to the community, we should keep going."

The Glace Bay way

Glace Bay Minor Hockey Association might not have the reach of the pros, but what it lacks in geography and population, it's made up for with pure grit. The group has avoided fees that eat into the margins of its NHL counterparts by continuing to sell tickets in cash, and it has kept the cost of each ticket at $1 for 30 years. It now sells over 3 million tickets annually. Three police officers preside over counting funds and tickets every Sunday afternoon during the regular season.

"At Christmastime, there's close to half a million dollars on the table," Edwards said.

"Usually, the winner is local. And if someone wins $50,000, chances are, the entire amount of money that was generated in that week is going to be spent right here in the local area. Whether it's a car dealership or a restaurant or whatever, everybody's going to benefit," he said.

"Any kid who wants to play hockey in the community can," he added. "If it wasn't for the Glace Bay minor hockey 50/50 draw, there's a lot of kids who would not be participating in the game that Canada loves." Because of that, Edwards doesn't foresee the 50/50 in Glace Bay changing any time soon.

"The first rule of hockey is you don't tamper with a winning lineup."

Jolene Latimer is a features writer at theScore.

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